3 minute read

Ancient Egyptians used kohl eyeliner not just for beauty but for protection against the harsh sun and eye infections. Ancient Egyptians used kohl eyeliner not just for beauty but for protection against the harsh sun and eye infections.

How Ancient Egyptians Used Cosmetics to Protect Themselves in Harsh Environments

By Peter Teoh, Science Writer

Introduction

When you think of makeup today, you probably imagine it as a way to look good or express yourself. But for the ancient Egyptians, makeup was much more than just a fashion statement—it was a vital part of their daily survival. From protecting their eyes against the blazing desert sun to fighting off infections, the cosmetics they used had powerful practical and spiritual purposes. Let’s dive into how makeup in ancient Egypt was a special blend of science, magic, and everyday life.

The Protective Power of Kohl

One of the most famous Egyptian cosmetics was kohl, a dark eye liner made from minerals like galena (a lead ore) or crushed charcoal. Egyptians applied thick lines of kohl above and below their eyes, often extending the ends in a bold arch—a style that’s still popular in makeup today.

But kohl wasn’t just about style. Scientific research shows that the lead compounds in kohl had antibacterial properties, which helped prevent eye infections common in dusty desert conditions. Plus, the dark pigment reduced the glare of the bright sun, acting like ancient sunglasses to shield their eyes from harmful rays[4][5].

Beyond Beauty: Spiritual and Health Beliefs

Makeup in ancient Egypt was deeply tied to religion and magic. Egyptians believed that wearing makeup could protect them from evil spirits and diseases. The ‘Evil Eye’—a harmful glare from jealous or malevolent people—was thought to be warded off by the power makeup gave to the wearer’s eyes[1][2].

They also used green eye paint made from malachite, a copper-based mineral, which had associations with fertility and rejuvenation. Makeup palettes were often carved into symbolic shapes like fish, which held special meanings related to life and protection[2].

Daily Rituals and Cosmetics Tools

Both men and women, regardless of social class, wore makeup regularly. Applying cosmetics was part of their morning routine, much like brushing teeth or washing your face today. They used a variety of tools—including stone palettes to grind pigments, thin sticks to apply kohl, and jars made from alabaster or ceramic to hold ointments and powders[2][3].

Interestingly, while the pigments themselves were common, the quality of applicators and containers could signify a person’s wealth. Wealthier Egyptians had finely crafted, sometimes jeweled, cosmetic boxes, while poorer people used simple clay pots or sticks[1].

Makeup as a Weapon Against the Environment

The desert environment of Egypt was harsh. Intense sunlight, blowing sand, and bacteria all posed real threats. Makeup was a surprisingly effective defense:

  • Sun Protection: Creams and pigments acted like an early form of sunscreen, shielding skin and eyes from UV rays[6].

  • Infection Prevention: The antibacterial qualities of lead in kohl helped reduce eye infections[4].

  • Bug Deterrent: Some cosmetics and wigs helped keep lice and other pests away[4].

Closing Paragraph

So next time you swipe on eyeliner or dab on sunscreen, remember the ancient Egyptians. What started as a survival tool in one of the world’s toughest environments grew into an art and ritual that connected people with their gods and protected their health. Their makeup wasn’t just for looking good—it was for living well.

Side Notes

  • Kohl Today: Kohl is still used in many cultures around the world as both a cosmetic and protective eye treatment.
  • Famous Faces: The iconic eyeliner on the Bust of Queen Nefertiti shows how important makeup was, even for royalty[3].
  • Tattoos and Protection: Some Egyptians tattooed symbols believed to protect against disease and evil spirits, showing how body art and makeup shared similar purposes[4].

Why Do We Still Use Makeup? Makeup today is mostly about style, but researchers find many ancient ideas still influence us. Sunscreen, for example, is a direct descendant of those early protective creams. And the eye makeup styles inspired by kohl remain popular worldwide.

Science Meets Art: Ancient Egyptian cosmetics were an early example of chemistry in action—mixing minerals and natural ingredients to improve health and appearance.

Survival and Style: Across history, people have used cosmetics not just to look good but to survive, heal, and express identity.

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